A Content-Based and Critical Study of the Treatise Al-Buyūruq Attributed to Shaykh Safi al-Din Ardabili

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Associate Professor, Department of Islamic Studies, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

Abstract

The treatise Al-Buyūruq is one of the most important works attributed to Shaykh Safi al-Din Ardabili. It contains a collection of sermons, ethical exhortations, and mystical teachings. The present study aims to examine the content of this treatise and critically evaluate some of its key themes. It seeks to answer the questions of what the most important teachings presented in Al-Buyūruq are, and what criticisms can be raised against certain viewpoints expressed in it. This research is conducted using a descriptive–analytical method. The findings indicate that at the beginning of the treatise, emphasis is placed on adherence to the وصیة (testament) of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). It then elaborates on the characteristics of the seeker of truth (tālib al-ḥaqq) in the path of spiritual wayfaring and attainment of the station of annihilation (fanāʾ). The text further stresses the importance of servitude and devotion to God, the establishment of (ritual prayer), avoidance of arrogance, seeking intercession (tawassul) and assistance from the Infallible Imams (peace be upon them), and vigilance over the commanding self (nafs al-ammāra). The critical analysis of the treatise also shows that some of its views are open to reflection and critique, including its interpretation of the concept of the “Divine Trust” (amānah) in verse 72 of Surah al-Ahzab, the use of certain expressions regarding women, as well as the recommendation to avoid social interaction with common people and to refrain from consuming food prepared by those who do not perform.

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References

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History

  • Receive Date: 21 June 2026
  • Revise Date: 24 August 2026
  • Accept Date: 09 September 2026

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